DefinitionThis section has been translated automatically.
Natural or synthetic substances which have a killing (bactericidal) or inhibiting (bacteriostatic) effect on pathogenic micro-organisms, usually bacteria. Antibiotics attack the microbes e.g. at the cell wall ( penicillins, cephalosporins), the cell membrane permeability(polymyxins), the nucleus and protein synthesis ( tetracyclines, gyrase inhibitors, pleuromutilins, oxazolidinone, chloramphenicol, aminoglycosides, lincosamides, macrolides, glycylclines). Cyclic lipopeptides penetrate the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane via lipid side chains and form pores (ion channels) in the presence of calcium, which lead to cytolysis of the pathogens (see also daptomycin).
Some antibiotics are also used as cytostatics, sometimes also as immunosuppressants, because of their inhibition of nucleic acid and protein synthesis (e.g. Adria-, Dauno-, Mito-, Actinomycin).
Topical antibiotics are mostly used for the treatment of wounds or for eradication in case of colonization with MRSA/ORSA (e.g. mupirocin). Topical antibiotics also play a role in acne therapy (e.g. erythromycin)
The following active ingredients play a role in dermatology (see also active ingredients, dermatological):
PreparationsThis section has been translated automatically.
Overview of the most important antibiotics
Penicillin
- Penicillin
- Benzypencillin (Pencillin G)
- Phenoxypenicillin (Penicillin V)
- Aminopenicillins
- Amoxipenicillin
- Ampicillin
- Aminopenicillins/Betalactamase inhibitors
- Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid
- Ampcilllin/Sulbactam
- Acylamiopenicillins
- Mezlocillin
- Piperacillin
- Acylaminopenicillins/betactamase inhibitors
- piperacillin/tacobactam
- Isoxyzylpenicillins
- Flucloxacillin
Cephalosporins
- Group1
- Cefazolin
- Cefalexin
- Cefadroxil
- Cefaclor
- Group 2
- Cefuroxime
- Cefotiam
- Group 3a
- Cefotaxime
- Ceftibuten
- Cefotriaxone
- Cefexim
- Cefpodoxime
- Group 3b
- Ceftazidem
- Group 4
- Cefepim
- Group 5
- Ceftarolin
- Ceftobiprole
Carbapenems
- imipenem/cilastatin
Glycopeptides
- Vancomycin
- Teicoplanin
Fluoroquinolones
- Group 1
- norfloxacin
- Group 2
- Ofloxacin
- Ciprofloxacin
- Group 3
- Lefloxacin
- Group 4
- Moxifloxacin
Macrolides
- Older macrolides
- Erythromycin
- Newer macrolides
- Azithromycin
- Clarithromycin
- Roxithromycin
- Telithromycin
Aminoglycosides
- Amikacin
- Gentamycin
- Tobramycin
Tetracyclines
- Tetracycline
- Chlortetracycline
- Oxytetracycline
- Doxycycline
- Minocycline
Trimethroprim
- trimethroprime/co-trimooxazole
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Note(s)This section has been translated automatically.
See below for information on the targeted therapeutic use of antibiotics:
LiteratureThis section has been translated automatically.
DGI: Definition Antibiotic Stewardship: https://www.dgi-net.de/fort-und-weiterbildung/antibiotic-stewardship-abs/
Dyar OJ et al.(2017) What is antimicrobial stewardship? Clin Microbiol Infect 23: 793-798
Gelmetti C et al (2008) Local antibiotics in dermatology. Dermatologic Therapy 21: 187-195
Lloyd D et al (2018) Antimicrobial Stewardship in Veterinary Medicine. Microbiology spectrum 6: 10.1128/microbiolspec ARBA-0023-2017.
- Rittenhouse S et al (2006) Selection of retapamulin, a novel pleuromutilin for topical use. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50: 3882-3885
TablesThis section has been translated automatically.
Pathogen |
Therapy options (in vitro efficacy of the antibiotic used and the combination partner must be proven) |
staph. aureus |
Doxycycline (+ rifampicin), cotrimoxazole + rifampicin |
Staph. aureus ("MRSA") |
Vancomycin or teicoplanin (+ rifampicin or fosfomycin) |
linezolid (+ rifampicin for endocarditis), tigecycline | |
Enterococci, ß-lactam resistant |
Teicoplanin, linezolid, in case of urinary tract infections possibly also nitrofurantoin or fosfomycin |
Pneumococcus, penicillin tolerant |
cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, ampicillin, moxifloxacin |
Pneumococcus, penicillin-resistant |
vancomycin + rifampicin, linezolid, moxifloxacin |
Enterobacteriaceae, multi-resistant |
meropenem, imipenem, ertapenem, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, cotrimoxazole, piperacillin/tazobactam, tigecyclin, for urinary tract infections also nitrofurantoin or fosfomycin |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, multi-resistant |
Amikacin, Colistin |
Pathogen |
Therapy option |
Alternatives |
Staph. aureus; haemolytic streptococci |
Clindamycin |
cefadroxil, cefazolin, moxifloxacin, ampicillin/sulbactam, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid |
Pathogen |
Therapy option |
Alternatives |
Staph. aureus, haemolytic streptococci, enterobacteria, anaerobes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
slight wound infections: Clindamycin |
cefadroxil, ampicillin/sulbactam, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, moxifloxacin |
severe wound infection: cefotiam (+ metronidazole) |
Clindamycin (+ gentamicin), moxifloxacin |
|
Infections after bite wounds: Ampicillin/Sulbactam, Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid |
Moxifloxacin |
Pathogen |
Therapy options |
Alternatives |
Staph. aureus, streptococci, anaerobes, enterobacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
Clindamycin (+ ciprofloxacin) |
Piperacillin/Tazobactam, Ampicillin/Sulbactam, Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid, Moxifloxacin, Doxycycline |
|
Largely harmless |
After risk-benefit analysis |
Contraindicated |
Pregnancy |
Penicillins, cephalosporins, erythromycin (except estolate), fusidic acid |
Clavulanic acid, sulbactam, tazobactam, meropenem, imipenem, ertapenem, azithromycin, roxithromycin, clindamycin, vancomycin, teicoplanin, linezolid, fosfomycin |
Tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, clarithromycin, TMP/sulfonamides (1st trimester and from 28th week), metronidazole, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, nitrofurantoin, rifampicin, telithromycin, tigecyclin |
Breastfeeding period |
penicillins, cephalosporins |
Clavulanic acid, sulbactam, tazobactam, meropenem, imipenem, ertapenem, azithromycin, roxithromycin, clindamycin, vancomycin, teicoplanin, linezolid, aminoglycosides, fosfomycin |
Tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, TMP/sulfonamides, erythromycin, metronidazole, fluoroquinolones, nitrofurantoin, rifampicin, telithromycin, ertapenem, tigecyclin |