Tinea (overview) B35.-

Staphan Antiochus (quoted n. Kaposi 1883 in Lehrbuch Pathologie und Therapie der Hautkrankheiten)

Tinea is an infection of the stratum corneum of the epidermis, hair and/or nails by dermatophytes.

The name is borrowed from Latin (tinea = moth, woodworm).

Dermatophytes are able to break down keratin by splitting disulfide bridges, which explains their pronounced preference for substrates containing keratin. Even in case of tinea profunda with deep infestation of the hair follicles the pathogens do not penetrate into the dermis. By adding the respective body region, traditionally anchored terms like Eccema marginatum, Tinea inguinalis, Tinea barbae, Kerion Celsi, Tinea capitis profunda etc. become superfluous. The uniformity of the "tinea term" is endangered by designations like Tinea amiantacea for pityriasis amiantacea and Tinea versicolor for pityriasis versicolor.

The targeted treatment of tinea requires an exact diagnosis by detecting the pathogens in the native preparation and by culture.

• Anthropophilic species: T. rubrum, Epidermophyton floccosum, M. audouinii, T. schönleinii, T. soudanense, T. violaceum.
• Zoophilic species: T. mentagrophytes, M. canis, T. verrucosum.
• Geophilic species: M. gypseum.

The clinical picture of dermatophyte infection varies and is essentially defined by the topography:

I. Head:

• Tinea capitis:
  • Tinea capitis profunda
  • Tinea capitis superficialis
• Tinea faciei:
  • Tinea barbae

II. strain:

• Tinea corporis:
  • Steroid modified tinea
  • Tinea imbricata
• Tinea inguinalis

III Extremities:

• Tinea manuum
• Tinea pedum
• Tinea unguium(onychomycosis)
• Tinea cruris
• Tinea nigra
• Mycetoma.

Dermatophytes as pathogens of tinea are represented worldwide with different incidence and prevalence. The incidence of dermatomycoses depends mainly on local factors such as outside temperatures, skin perfusion and individual susceptibility. Thus, prevalences of tinea pedis in certain cohorts (e.g. soldiers) are between 10 and 15%.

• infestation of hair follicles and/or nails
• Persistent hyper- or hypopigmentation
• Secondary bacterial overlaps
• Secondary contact allergy
• Surgical pretreatments (incisions)
• Pretreatment with corticosteroids
• Intertriginous maceration.
• See Table 1, see mycoses below.

External monotherapy is generally considered sufficient for the following types of dermatophytosis: non-inflammatory tinea corporis, tinea faciei, tinea manuum et pedum. The external antifungal agents listed below have been most widely used with comparable quality and efficacy:

• Imidazole derivatives: clotrimazole (e.g., R055 R056, Canesten cream, Clotri OPT, Cutistad), econazole (e.g., Epi-Pevaryl cream), ketoconazole (e.g., Nizoral cream), miconazole (e.g.E.g., R173 , R172 Daktar solution, Vobamyk, Micotar), bifonazole (e.g., Mycospor), oxiconazole (e.g., Myfungar cream), tioconazole (e.g., Mykontral), fenticonazole (e.g., Lomexin).
• Allylamines: naftifine (e.g. Exoderil cream), terbinafine (e.g. Lamisil solution seems to have some superiority in practical use over imidazole preparations, since a single therapy - "Lamisil Once" - is effective for tinea pedis).
• Morpholine: Amorolfine (Loceryl cream)
• Ciclopiroxolamine (e.g. Batrafen cream)
• Sertaconazole nitrate (e.g. Zalain, Mykosert).
• Various: tolnaftate (e.g. Tonoftal cream), dyes (e.g. eosin or methylrosanilinium chloride).
• Combination preparations with glucocorticoids, disinfectants or antibiotics. Although these combinations are valued as "antidote" preparations, they should be used only in exceptional cases. In inflammatory accentuated pruritic dermatomycoses, glucocorticoid-containing monotherapeutics can be used passively.

In case of therapy resistance, see also Photodynamic therapy, Indication.

Indication for systemic therapy is given in the following diseases:

• Inflammatory accentuated dermatomycoses
• Hyperkeratotic tinea of the palms and soles of the feet
• Extensive tinea
• Tinea capitis
• Granulomatous or nodular tinea
• Immunocompromised patients
• Tinea unguium of several toes or fingers
• Therapy resistance or intolerance to external antimycotics.

The following preparations have found the widest distribution with comparable quality and effect: griseofulvin (e.g. Likuden M), itraconazole (e.g. Sempera), fluconazole (e.g. Diflucan), terbinafine (e.g. Lamisil).

There are a number of natural remedies for which antifungal efficacy has been demonstrated in various study designs. Study designs antifungal efficacy have been demonstrated. These include tea tree oil (in 25% and 50% application form), Solanum chrysotrichum (Mexican tomato) in a cream application, Eucalytus pauciflora 1% oil ( eucalyptus oil with the active ingredient cineol) and Ajone, the ingredient of Allium sativum in a 0.4% cream application.

Diagnostic criteria for tinea

Billing tips:

• Taking of the smear: The taking of the smear is to be carried out according to the No. 298 GOÄ (also several times, in case of taking of different smears). Body parts and separate preparation). In the case of complex nail collection, the No. 743 GOÄ (analogous) can be applied.
• Microscopy: In case of microscopic fungus detection with addition of potassium hydroxide solution, No. 4711 GOÄ can be used. Simple staining with methylene blue is accounted for with No. 3509 GOÄ (per preparation).
• Culture: A Sabouraud agar (simple culture medium) is charged with No. 4715 GOÄ up to 5 times from the same medium. If special culture media (complex culture medium) are used, the number 4716 GOÄ or the No. 4717 (differentiation medium) must be used.
• Light microscopic examination of cultivated fungi: No. 4722 GOÄ.

1. Brasch J (1990) Pathogen and pathogenesis of dermatophytosis. Dermatologist 41: 9-15
2. Drake LA et al (1996) Guidelines of care for superficial mycotic infection of the skin: Tinea corporis, tinea cruris, tinea faciei, tinea manuum tinea pedis. J Am Acad Dermatol 34: 282-286
3. Effendy I (2003) Nail changes during childhood. dermatologist 54: 41-44
4. Gupta AK et al (2003) Superficial fungal infections: an update on pityriasis versicolor, seborrheic dermatitis, tinea capitis, and onychomycosis. Clin Dermatol 21: 417-425
5. Ilkit M et al (2014) Tinea pedis: the etiology and global epidemiology of
   acommon fungal infection. Crit Rev Microbiol 41:374-388
6. Leibovici V et al (2014) Prevalence of tinea pedis in psoriasis, compared to atopic dermatitis andnormal
   controls--a prospective study. Mycoses 57:754-758
7. Nenoff P et al (2014) Mycology - An Update Part 2: Dermatomycoses: Clinical picture and diagnostics. YYG 12: 749-778
8. Seebacher C (2003) The change of dermatophyte spectrum in dermatomycoses. Mycoses 46(Suppl1): 42-46
9. Seebacher C et al (2006) Tinea capitis. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 4: 1085-1091