Lymphomatoids papulose C86.6

Author: Prof. Dr. med. Peter Altmeyer

Co-Autor: Florian Burkhart

All authors of this article

Last updated on: 26.11.2024

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Synonym(s)

Anaplastic lymphomatoid papulose; Angiocentric lympomatoid papulose; Epitheliotropic lymphomatoid papulose; LyP; Mixed cell lymphomatoid papulose; Papulose lymphomatoids; papulosis lymphomatoid; T-cell pseudolymphoma

History
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Dupont, 1956; Macauly, 1968

Definition
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Low-malignant, CD30-positive, particularly benign T-cell lymphoma (?) with recurrent course over many years, characterized by single or multiple, painless, papulo-nodular or ulcerative skin lesions with spontaneous healing and latency for months, possibly even years.

Remark: Some authors consider the clinical picture as benign!

Occurrence/Epidemiology
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Prevalence 0.1/100,000 population/year. Worldwide incidence. Predominantly in members of Caucasian ethnic groups, accounting for about 18% of CTCL.

Etiopathogenesis
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Unknown. Viral genesis? There is an increased association with atopic disease in adolescent patients. Detectable mutation in SDC1, COL4A1, and laminin-5 genes may be associated with tumor recurrence or progression to higher-grade lymphoma (Wang TT et al. 2017).

Manifestation
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V.a. adults; age: 7-83 years, mean age: 39 years (Xiong J et al. 2015); in a larger study of 20 patients, the mean age was 28.6 years (Wang TT et al. 2017). Very rarely, the disease is also encountered in children and adolescents.

f:m=2.3:1 (according to other sources: 1:1).

Localization
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Trunk>Extremities>Face and eyelids. Rarely affected is the oral cavity.

Clinical features
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Mostly multiple, more rarely only single (rarely more than 5, disseminated occurrence is possible, but the exception), red to red-brown or brown-purple, soft-elastic, painless, surface-smooth flat, red papules forming within a few days (eruption phase). These develop (surprisingly quickly) into red always painless nodules (up to 2 cm Ø) with an initially smooth surface.

Regularly, under initial hemorrhagic crust formation, a torpid disintegration of the central nodule areas occurs. This leads to a change in morphology! In this phase of development, the only clinical impression is an ulcer of varying depth (which cannot be explained to the examiner), which is usually hardly painful. Danger of secondary infection (pyoderma). Healing with formation of a less spectacular, hyper(hypo)pigmented scar.

After 3-8 weeks spontaneous regression with formation of scaly crusts.

Histology
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Type A: Dense, diffuse, mixed-cell infiltrate extending into the subcutis, consisting of pleomorphic and anaplastic lymphoid cells as well as numerous eosinophilic and neutrophilic granulocytes, histiocytes and small lymphocytes. Numerous mitoses.

Type B: Ribbon-like dermal epidermotropic infiltrate of small to medium-sized lymphoid cells with chromatin-dense cerebriform nuclei.

Type C: Dense, diffuse infiltrate of large anaplastic cells extending into the subcutis. Few eosinophilic or neutrophilic granulocytes, histiocytes and small lymphocytes. Numerous mitoses (by far the most common type- Wang TT et al. 2017).

Type D: Dense, diffuse infiltrate of small to medium-sized CD8+ and CD30+ lymphocytes extending into the subcutis. Significant epidermotropy.

Type E (angioinvasive type): Dense, angiocentric and angioinvasive, mixed-cell infiltrate of medium-sized pleomorphic and anaplastic lymphoid cells extending into the subcutis. Evidence of necrosis and ulcer formation. Furthermore eosinophilic granulocytes.

Type F: Small intraepidermal lymphocytes next to larger pleoorphic dermal lymphocytes with a characteristic folliculotropic distribution.

Immunohistology: Tumor cells are positive for CD3 (80-90%), CD4 (80-90%), CD8 (50% of cases), CD25. In type A and C, the anaplastic, large cells express CD30 (see CD classification below). T-cell receptor gene rearrangement: Only in isolated cases evidence of monoclonality of the T-cell infiltrates. CD20 is only very rarely expressed, ALK1 is not expressed.

Differential diagnosis
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  • Lymphoma, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, large cell, CD30-positive: Mostly solitary larger nodule; rarely grouped nodules or nodules with tendency to ulceration. Spontaneous regressions and recurrences are possible (in up to 25% of patients).
  • Pityriasis lichenoides chronica: Very polymorphic clinical picture; initially small (usually < 0.5 cm), dome-shaped, reddened, dermal, superficially dull or mirror-like papules covered by a fine scale. Alignment along the tension lines of the skin. Typical: formation of a compact, oblate, covering, centrally adherent scale. The disease causes no discomfort except for mild to moderate itching. Histology is usually diagnostic.
  • Prurigo simplex subacuta: Mostly variegated clinical picture with efflorescences of different acuity "from fresh to healed with scarring". Typical is a punctual, unpleasant stinging itching, which is answered with an equally circumscribed and typical scratching reaction (spooning); afterwards, the itching abruptly stops. Histology excludes the diagnosis "lymphomatoid papulosis".

    Notice.

    Not the "disturbing efflorescences", but the tormenting itching leads to the physician!
  • Pseudolymphomas: the clinical picture is variable; mostly surface-stable, non-ulcerated, little symptomatic papules. Histology: usually variegated, mature cell, B- and T-cell pattern. No CD30+ infiltrate.
  • Insect bites: Mostly pruritic "articular" urticarial papules and plaques. Usually short history. Difficult to differentiate in persistent arthropod reactions. Histology: as in pseudolymphoma.
  • Syphilis: history; histology and serology are diagnostic.
  • Eosinophilic ulcer of the oral mucosa: this DD can only be clarified histologically.

Complication(s)
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40-60% of patients develop another lymphoproliferative disease. Here, the rate of mycosis fungoides is particularly high (78% on average). Patients with lymphomatoid papulosis type A are preferentially affected (> 90%). Mycosis fungoides may parallel or precede lymphomatoid papulosis (30-40%) (60-70%).

Other lymphoproliferative disorders that may occur together with or following lymphomatoid papulosis include large cell anaplastic lymphoma (12%). Occasionally, the occurrence of Hodgkin's disease has been reported.

Therapy
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The therapy is primarily based on the clinical manifestation of the clinical picture. None of the available therapies influence the natural course of the disease. All therapy modalities should be used under the aspect of disease control and not cure.
  • In this respect, a prompt proactive local therapy with medium-strong topical glucocorticoids, if necessary under occlusion (glucocorticoids class II and III) such as 0.1% betamethasone-lotio R030, 0.1% triamcinolone cream R259 or intralesional administration of triamcinolone (e.g. Volon A 1:1 diluted with LA such as scandicain) is recommended in case of localized, land infestation.
  • Alternatively for multifocal spread:
  • Six-monthly check-ups and repeated skin biopsies are necessary in order to detect any transition to aggressive cutaneous T-cell lymphoma in time!

General therapy
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Overall rather poor response to the therapy. In this respect, symptomatic behaviour is indicated. Possible treatment of secondary infections.

Progression/forecast
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Mostly well, recurrent blanched course for years, with absence of manifestations for months or years.

Limitation of life expectancy only by associated lymphomas (in up to 20% of patients other lymphomas develop in the course of years: mycosis fungoides, immunoblastic or large cell anaplastic lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease). The mortality rate is about 8%.

For patients who develop lymphomatoid papulosis in childhood, the probability of developing non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is 200 times higher than in the normal population.

Literature
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  1. Dupont A, Thulliez A, Brosens M (1956) Reticulose histiomoncytaire et mycosis fungoide: remarques propos de quatre observations. Arch Belg Dermatol Syphil 12: 263-265.
  2. Gan EY et al. (2012) Lymphomatoid papulosis: is a second lymphoma more common among East Asians? Clin Exp Dermatol 37:118-121
  3. Kempf W et al (2011) EORTC, ISCL, and USCLC consensus recommendations for the treatment of primary cutaneous CD30-positive lymphoproliferative disorders: lymphomatoid papulosis and primary cutaneous anaplastic large-cell lymphoma. Blood 118:4024-4035
  4. Kempf W et al (2014) Cutaneous lymphomas: an update. Part 1: T-cell and natural killer/t-cell lymphomas and related conditions. Am J Dermatopathol 36:105-123
  5. Kempf W et al (2015) Paediatric cutaneous lymphomas: a review and comparison with adult counterparts. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 29:1696-1709.
  6. Kempf W, Cerroni L (2016) Cutaneous lymphomas. In: Cerroni L et al. Histopathology of the skin. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New-York pp 912-913.
  7. Kiavash K et al. (2015) New variant lymphomatoid papulosis type E preceding and coexisting with mycosis fungoides - a case report and review of theliterature. J Cutan Pathol doi: 10.1111/cup.12606
  8. Nashan D et al (2018) Primary cutaneous lymphoma-a case series of 163 patients. Dermatologist 69: 1014-1020
  9. Martorell-Calatayud A et al (2010) Lymphomatoid papulosis in children: report of 9 cases and review of the literature. Actas Dermosifiliogr 101:693-701
  10. Macaulay WL (1968) Lymphomatoid papulosis. A continuing self-healing eruption, clinically benign - histologically malignant. Arch Dermatol 97: 23-30
  11. Markeeva E et al (2011) Lymphomatoid papulosis type A: is less (therapy) more? Arch Dermatol 37: 19-21
  12. Martires KJ et al (2015) Characterization of primary cutaneous CD8+/CD30+ lymphoproliferative disorders. Am J Dermatopathol 37:822-833.
  13. Meena M et al (2014) Lymphomatoid papulosis type C of the eyelid in a young girl: a case report and review of literature. Orbit 33:395-398
  14. Nijsten T et al (2004) Lymphomatoid papulosis in children. A retrospective cohort study of 35 cases. Arch Dermatol 140: 306-312.
  15. Wang TT et al (2017) Lymphomatoid papulosis: a clinicopathologic analysis and whole exome sequencing. Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi 46:601-606.
  16. Xiong J et al (2015) Lymphomatoid papulosis: a clinicopathologic study of 22 cases.
  17. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 95):3750-3752.
  18. Zackheim HS et al (2003) Lymphomatoid papulosis associated with mycosis fungoides: a study of 21 patients including analyses for clonality. J Am Dermatol 49: 620-623.

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Last updated on: 26.11.2024