Collagenosis reactive perforating L87.1

Author: Prof. Dr. med. Peter Altmeyer

All authors of this article

Last updated on: 06.12.2023

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Synonym(s)

Acquired reactive perforating collagenosis; Acquired reactive perforating dermatosis; Collagenoma perforans verruciformis; Collagenosis familial reactive perforating; Familial reactive perforating collagenosis; Perforating collagenosis; Reactive perforating collagenosis; Reactive perforating dermatosis

History
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Laugier and Woringer 1963; Mehregan et al. 1967.

Definition
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Rare chronic skin disease characterized by transepidermal elimination of collagen and/or elastin through the skin. In the acquired (acquired collagenosis) form occurring in adults, it is often associated with diabetes mellitus and/or chronic terminal renal insufficiency.

Basically, there are 2 clinical syndromes:

  • The much more frequent acquired reactive collagenosisin adults, which occurs mainly in diabetics and patients with renal insufficiency (incidences of up to 11% have been described). Acquired reactive collagenosis has also been described in patients with acute myeloid leukemia and after treatment with sorafenib.
  • The very rare familial (primarily described as reactive perforating collagenosis), focal connective tissue degeneration with transepithelial shedding of collagen fibers, which already occurs in children. It can be assumed that this genodermatosis is identical to the"hyperkeratosis follicularis et parafollicularis in cutem penetrans" described by Kyrle.

Etiopathogenesis
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1) Genodermatosis with unexplained etiopathogenesis.

2) Acquired in underlying diseases such as chronic terminal renal failure or diabetes mellitus. In isolated cases, the association with malignancies - prostate carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia - has been described (Huseynova L et al 2020).

3) Drug induced (e.g. by sorafenib - Vega Díez D et al. 2020).

The clinical picture has also been described in scabies and zoster, although the triggering of the disease in these cases is more likely to be reactive as a "Köbner phenomenon" with a corresponding disposition, or as an isotopic reaction.

Remark: probably as a result of mechanical or inflammatory irritation in receptive skin, there is focal damage to the collagenous connective tissue of the skin (scratching can experimentally induce RPK - Köbner phenomenon), which is finally discharged transepidermally.

Proteolytic enzymes such as matrix metalloproteases or serine proteases as well as modifications of sugar side chains on extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen I and III play an important role.

Manifestation
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In classic reactive perforating collagenosis, the mean age of onset is 50-60 years. The average duration of disease is 8 months.

Localization
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Mainly extensor sides of the extremities and the trunk. The face, palms of hands and soles of feet remain free of symptoms, as do the mucous membranes.

Clinical features
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There is moderate to marked (non-histaminergic) pruritus.

Clinically, there are usually symmetrically distributed, few to numerous, disseminated or linearly grouped ( Köbner phenomenon), red, firm papules or plaques with central ulceration and hard, firmly adherent keratotic plug, initially about 0.2 cm in size, gradually increasing to 1.0 -2.0 cm in size.

Typically, there is evidence of a central crusty defect already in initial papules. After its detachment, an ulcerated crater is found, which heals spontaneously with hyperpigmentation after 2-4 weeks.

Remark: Although a rare disease, the clinical picture is unique and therefore unmistakable, so that the diagnosis is relatively easy to make if the clinical picture is known.

Histology
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Hyperplastic epidermis with central bowl-shaped exulceration. In the material stored here, there are horny masses, granulation tissue with triggered, basophilic, collagenous fiber bundles (TOE stain). In the underlying dermis, a nonspecific mixed inflammatory infiltrate is seen.

Differential diagnosis
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Prurigo simplex subacuta (most important differential diagnosis); no causative underlying disease. Eminently severe itching of the scratched papules.

Prurigo nodularis (see below Prurigo chronic).

Rare differential diagnoses:

Therapy
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Otherwise, a causal therapy is not known. In the acquired forms treatment of the underlying disease attempt with PUVA therapy or external retinoid.

Symptomatic is the use of highly potent corticosteroid externals (also on large areas), which has proven to be effective according to own experience and according to the experience of some authors. Injection with depot steroids every 3 weeks is a good alternative, especially for areas on the back that are difficult to access.

Alternative: Good experiences have been made with systemically administered allopurinol (100 mg/day/p.o.). The mechanism of action is unclear. Possibly an inhibition of the cross-linking of collagen fibers is induced via the inhibition of xanthine oxidase and via an antioxidant effect.

Alternative: Recently, several publications have been reported describing good clinical results with dupilumab (Gil-Lianes J et al. 2022; Ying Y et al. 2022 ).

Care: in addition to consistent skin care, it is useful to cover the sites with a hydrocolloid plaster (dissolves the central plug, promotes healing, prevents scratching).

Progression/forecast
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In the acquired form of perforating collagenosis, a relapsing course is known. There is a not inconsiderable tendency to spontaneous healing. It is important to treat the underlying disease (e.g. precise adjustment of diabetes mellitus).

Note(s)
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Perforations of the skin (perforating dermatoses) are found as a secondary phenomenon in a larger number of diseases.

For example: calcinosis cutis, foreign body granulomas, gout, chondrodermatitis nodularis chronica helicis, granuloma anulare, sarcoidosis, necrobiosis lipoidica, malignant melanoma, T-cell lymphoma, Paget's disease, Kyrle 's disease and others.

Literature
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  1. Fretzin DF, Beal DW, Jao W (1980) Light and ultrastructural study of reactive perforating collagenosis. Arch Dermatol 116: 1054
  2. Gil-Lianes J et al (2022) Reactive perforating collagenosis successfully treated with dupilumab. Australas J Dermatol 63: 398-400.
  3. Haneke E (1991) Symptomatic reactive perforating collagenosis. Z Hautkr 66: 725-728.
  4. Huseynova L et al (2020) Acquired reactive perforating collagenosis in association with prostate adenocarcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and Graves' disease. An Bras Dermatol 95:336-339.
  5. Karpouzis A et al (2010) Acquired reactive perforating collagenosis: current status. J Dermatol 37:585-592.
  6. Karpouzis A et al (2004) Acquired reactive perforating collagenosis associated with myelodysplastic syndrome evolving to acute myelogenous leukaemia. Australas J Dermatol 45:78-79
  7. Kruger K et al (1999) Acquired reactive perforating dermatosis. Successful treatment with allopurinol in 2 cases. Dermatologist 50: 115-120
  8. Laugier P et al (1963) Réflexions au sujet d `un collagénome perforant verruciforme. Ann Dermatol Syph 90:466-493.
  9. Lotz C et al (2014) Successful treatment of acquired reactive perforating dermatosis with allopurinol. Act Dermatol 4: 84-87
  10. Mehregan AM, Schwartz OD, Livingood CS (1967) Reactive perforating collagenosis. Arch Dermatol 96: 277
  11. Rapini RP et al.(1989) Acquired perforating dermatosis. Arch Dermatol 125: 1074 - 1078.
  12. Theodoridis A et al (2013) Malignant atrophic papulosis (Köhlmeier-Degos disease) - a review. Orphanet J Rare Dis 8:10.
  13. Vega Díez D et al (2020) Reactive perforating collagenosis: a rare side effect associated with sorafenib. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 112:960-961.
  14. Weiss SC (2003) Cutaneous mucormycosis secondary to acquired reactive perforating collagenosis. Cutis 72: 119-123
  15. Ying Y et al (2022) Dupilumab may be an alternative option in the treatment of acquired reactive perforating collagenosis combined with AD. Immune Inflamm Dis 10: e574.

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