Pemphigoid group (overview) L12.-

Lever, 1953

s.a. Newsletter: Pemphigoids

Group of chronic autoimmune diseases characterized by autoantibodies against hemidesmosal structural proteins (BP230, BP180 and others). Binding of the antibody to the antigen in question results in loss of epithelial adherence. Clinical hallmark of pemmphigoid disease is pruritic, subepidermal, large, turgid blisters. Sometimes association with neurologic disease (e.g., Parkinson's disease).

The most common representative of this group of diseases is bullous pemphigoid.

A distinction is made depending on the clinic and target antigen:

• Bullous pemphigoid with clinical variants (BP 180 = type XVII collagen; BP230 = dystonin; plectin)
• Linear IgA dermatosis (BP 180 = type XVII collagen; LAD-1)
• Anti-p200 pemphigoid (laminin gamma 1)
• Anti-p105 pemphigoid (105 kDa protein)
• Anti-plectin pemphigoid (plectin)
• Anti-type IV collagen pemphigoid (type IV collagen)
• Lichen (ruber) planus pemphigoides (BP180; BP230, 200 KDa protein)
• Pregnancy pemphigoid/pregnancy pemphigoid gestationis (BP180; BP230)
• Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (type VII collagen)
• Scarring pemphigoid (mucous membrane pemphigoid) (type XVII collagen, laminin 5) Variant: Scarring pemphigoid type Brunsting-Perry (BP 180; laminin 332/331; alpha6beta4 integrin; BP230; type VII collagen; uncein; 168 kDa protein; 45kDa protein)

Among the autoimmunologically induced blistering diseases, the diseases of the pemphigoid group are the most common in central European populations. This is different in other populations (such as Iranian). In a larger study (1402 patients) 81% of Iranian patients had pemphigus vulgaris, 11% bullous pemphigoid, 4% pemphigus foliaceus.

For bullous pemphigoid, incidences vary between 1.2-6.6/100,000 population/year.

The ages of onset of disease vary. For most pemphigoid variants, these are usually after the 7th decade. For gestational pemphigoid, they naturally occur during the gestational period. The rare bullous systemic lupus erythematosus predominantly affects young women. Linear IgA dermatosis also manifests well before the 7th decade of life. A childhood variant is the most common blistering disease in childhood. Epidermolysis bullosis acquisita can occur in childhood.

1. Feliciani C et al. (2015) Management of bullous pemphigoid: the European Dermatology Forum consensus in collaboration with the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. Br J Dermatol 172:867-876
2. Gammon WR et al. (1992) Immunofluorescence on split skin for the detection and differentiation of basement membrane zone autoantibodies. J Am Acad Dermatol 27: 79-87

3. Miyahara H et al. (2024) Pemphigoid without mucous involvement showing IgG antibodies to the β3 subunit of laminin-332. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 22:570-573.