Interleukin-10

Author: Prof. Dr. med. Peter Altmeyer

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Last updated on: 16.06.2024

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Synonym(s)

B-cell stimulatory factor (BSF); CSIF; Cytokine synthesis inhibiting factor; Cytokine synthesis inhibiting factor (CSIF); IL-10; IL-10B cell derived T cell growth factor (BTCGF)

Definition
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Interleukins (from Latin/Greek inter = between; leukos = white; kinein = to move) is the name given to a group of endogenous, short-chain regulatory proteins (cytokines) of the immune system (interleukin-1 to interleukin-35). Interleukins are mediators for induction, progression, and control of T-cell-mediated cytotoxic immune responses as well as B-cell activation (antibody production).

The gene encoding interleukin-10, as for interleukins-19 and -20, is located on chromosome 1q31-32.

Little is known about interleukin-10 receptors and the mechanism of signal transduction. IL10 is the defining cytokine of the "interleukin-10 family" with the homologous interleukins interleukin-19, -20 and interleukins -22, -24, -26.

The immunomodulatory interleukin-10 is secreted mainly by regulatory T cells (Treg). Furthermore, activated monocytes and mast cells secrete this cytokine.

General information
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Interleukin-10 inhibits the effect of activated T cells and thus slows down the production of interferon-gamma. The cytokine acts (similar to interleukins-4, -11 and TGF-beta) as a so-called anti-inflammatory cytokine by inhibiting macrophage function and thus preventing excessive inflammatory reactions (interleukin-10 apparently exerts a protective function in the formation of atherosclerotic plaques). In TH1 cells, but not in TH2 cells, it inhibits cytokine synthesis, e.g. of interferon gamma, interleukin-2, TNF-beta and the chemokine CCL20.

Interleukin-10 thus inhibits the formation of cytokines of the Th1 response. In addition, interleukin-10 together with interleukin-2, interleukin-4 and interleukin-7 stimulates the growth of thymocytes and promotes the differentiation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes(CD8+T cells).

In addition, interleukin-10 promotes the differentiation of B lymphocytes and induces the secretion of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA and IgM) in activated cells.

In macrophages, interleukin-10 inhibits the synthesis of interleukin-1, interleukin-6 and TNFalpha and inhibits antigen presentation. Effects In interaction with interleukin-3, interleukin-4 and peripheral lymphocytes, interleukin-10 stimulates the proliferation of mast cells. Various B-cell lymphomas also secrete interleukin-10.

There are numerous indications that interleukin-10 gene polymorphisms are associated with functional imbalances of the cytokine in various diseases. These include:

Interleukin-10 is particularly important for the immunology of the intestinal tract. Interleukin-10 deficiency is associated with a predisposition to chronic inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis.

Literature
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  1. Cho MJ et al(2014) The dual nature of interleukin-10 in pemphigus vulgaris. Cytokines 73:335-341.
  2. Cho IH et al (2015) Association between interleukin-10 promoter gene polymorphisms and acute graft-versus-host disease after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hematology 20:121-128.
  3. Han X et al (2015) Interleukin-10 protects against atherosclerosis by modulating multiple atherogenic macrophage function.Thromb haemost 113:505-512.
  4. Kumar P et al (2016) Role of Interleukin-10 (-1082A/G) gene polymorphism with the risk of ischemic stroke: a meta-analysis. Neurol Res 38:823-830.
  5. Qiao YC et al (2016) Changes of regulatory T cells, transforming growth factor-beta and interleukin-10 in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Immunol 170:61-69.
  6. Trifunović J et al (2015) Pathologic patterns of interleukin 10 expression--a review. Biochem Med (Zagreb) 25:36-48.
  7. Yu Z et al (2013) The interleukin 10 -819C/T polymorphism and cancer risk: a HuGE review and meta-analysis of 73 studies including 15,942 cases and 22,336 controls. OMICS 17:200-214.
  8. Zhang Y et al(2015) Association of Interleukin-10 -3575T>A and -1082A>G polymorphisms with non-Hodgkin lymphoma susceptibility: a comprehensive review and meta-analysis. Mol Genet Genomics. 290:2063-2073.

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Last updated on: 16.06.2024