Lipids

Definition
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Water-insoluble, organic substances which can be extracted from plant or animal tissues by non-polar solvents and have hydrophobic properties.

The lipids can be classified as follows:

fatty acids (saturated fatty acids, hydroxyfatty acids including prostagalndines, unsaturated fatty acids)
Glycerol containing lipids (glyceryl ether, phopholipids, etc.)
Sphingosine-containing lipids (ceramides, gangliosides, sphingomyelins)
Long chain aliphatic alcohols and waxes (lipopolysaccharides, complex lipids)
Hydrocarbons (Saqualene, Carotene)
Steroids and related substances (e.g. vitamin D)

Classified according to decreasing hydrophobicity: silicone oils, paraffins, fatty alcohols, waxes, fats and fatty oils, partial glycerides.

Lipids are used as lipid components and consistency enhancers in extemporaneous and finished formulations (see Table 1).

Tables
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Lipid component and external use

Lipid	Use
Carnauba wax	Consistency enhancer in lipophilic ointments and creams; lipid component in emulsions
cera alba	Consistency enhancer in lipophilic ointments and creams; lipid component in emulsions
Cetearyloctanoate	Lipid component in emulsions and skin oils
Cetylacohol	Consistency enhancer and emulsifier in lipophilic creams and ointments; consistency enhancer in hydrophilic ointments
Cetyl palmitate	Consistency enhancer in lipophilic ointments and creams; lipid component in emulsions
Cetylstearyl alcohol	Consistency enhancer and emulsifier in lipophilic creams and ointments; consistency enhancer in hydrophilic ointments
Decyl oleate	Lipid component (sensitive to oxidation) in emulsions and skin oils
Diisobutyl adipate	Lipid component in emulsions and skin oils
Peanut oil	Lipid component in lipophilic ointments, emulsions and skin oils
Peanut oil, hardened	Lipid component in lipophilic ointments and creams
Ether	Solvents
Ethyl acetate	Solvents
Glycerol monostearate	Consistency enhancer (oxidation stable) in lipophilic ointments and creams
Hard grease	Consistency enhancer (oxidation stable) in lipophilic ointments and creams
Isopropyl myristate	Lipid component in emulsions and skin oils
Isopropyl palmitate	Lipid component in emulsions and skin oils
Jojoba wax, liquid	Lipid component in emulsions and skin oils
Almond oil	Lipid component in lipophilic ointments, emulsions and skin oils
Octyldodecanol	Lipid component (hydrolysis and oxidation stable) in emulsions and skin oils
Oleyloleate	Lipid component (sensitive to oxidation) in emulsions and skin oils
Olive oil	Lipid component in lipophilic ointments, emulsions and skin oils
Paraffin. liquid. and perliquid.	Lipid component (hydrolysis and oxidation stable) in emulsions and skin oils
Paraffin. Solid.	Consistency enhancer
Polyisobutylene, hydrogenated	Lipid component (hydrolysis and oxidation stable) in emulsions and skin oils
Ricinus oil	Lipid component (oxidation stable) in skin oils
Lard	Lipid component in lipophilic ointments and creams
Sesame Oil	Lipid component in lipophilic ointments, emulsions and skin oils
Sunflower oil	Lipid component in lipophilic ointments, emulsions and skin oils
Squalane	lipid constituent (hydrolysis and oxidation stable) in emulsions and skin oils
Triglycerides, mixed chain	Lipid component in lipophilic ointments and creams
Triglycerides, medium chain	Lipid component (oxidation stable) in lipophilic ointments, emulsions and skin oils
Vaseline. alb. and flav.	Ointment base (hydrolysis and oxidation stable), lipid component in emulsions and pastes