Glucagon Like Peptide (GLP-1)

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an important member of the incretin family. GLP-1 acts by stimulating insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner, delaying gastric emptying, and inhibiting the release of glucagon, thereby suppressing appetite and leading to weight loss (Herold 2020). The glucose-regulating and appetite-suppressing effects of GIP and GLP-1 led to the development of incretin-based therapies for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity; see also underGLP-1 receptor agonists.

Because GLP-1 receptors are present in other organs, GLP-1 also acts on the brain, the cardiovascular and immune systems, adipose tissue, and the kidneys, and increases natriuresis and diuresis. Its effects on macrophages, monocytes, B cells, and T lymphocytes—such as regulatory T cells, Th17 cells, CD8+ T cells, and NK cells—lead to anti-inflammatory effects. 

1. Müller TD et al. (2019) Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). Mol Metab;30:72-130. doi: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.09.010. Epub 2019 Sep 30. PMID: 31767182; PMCID: PMC6812410.
2. Mehdi SF et al. (2023) Glucagon-like peptide-1: a multifaceted anti-inflammatory agent. Front Immunol 17;14:1148209. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1148209. PMID: 37266425; PMCID: PMC10230051.