Cx3cl1

Author: Prof. Dr. med. Peter Altmeyer

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Last updated on: 29.10.2020

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Synonym(s)

ABCD-3; C3Xkine; CX3CL1; C-X3-C motif chemokine ligand 1; CXC3; CXC3C; fractalkine; neurotactin; NTN; NTT; SCYD1

Definition
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CX3CL1, also known as fractalkines or chemokine (C-X3-C motif) ligand 1, is a 373-amino acid polypeptide encoded by the CX3CL1 gene in humans. This is located on chromosome 16 (gene locus: Chr. 16: 57.37 - 57.39). CX3CL1 is the only member of the "CX3C chemokine family".

The chemokine is formed by activated endothelial cells. It performs its functions through interaction with the chemokine receptor CX3CR1, which belongs to the family of G protein-coupled receptors.

The soluble CX3CL1 is a potent chemoattractant for T cells and monocytes, whereas the chemokine bound to the surface of cells processes the adhesion of leukocytes to e.g. TNF-alpha activated lymphoid endothelial cells.

General information
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Fractalkines are mainly formed and secreted by neural cells. Its receptor is expressed by microglia cells. CX3CL1 is upregulated in the hippocampus.

An expression of CX3CL1 could be detected in lung carcinoma cells. The expression of XCL2 and CX3CL1 increases with increasing malignancy.

In atherosclerotic plaques, an increased expression of CX3CL1 could be detected.

In multiple myeloma (C90.00), the expression of CX3CL1 appears to be associated with tumor progression and CX3CR1 may be a potential therapeutic target.

In allergic bronchial asthma, the expression of fractal kine/CX3CL1 and its single receptor CX3CR1 is also elevated. CX3CR1 expression regulates the survival of Th2 and Th1 cells in the inflammatory infiltrates of bronchial asthma and atopic dermatitis. Remarkably, the serum level of fractalkines parallels the severity of atopic dermatitis and could serve as a biomarker. However, these changes are not "atopia-specific" as both tissue and serum levels of CX3CL1 were elevated depending on the severity of psoriasis.

Literature
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  1. Ferretti E et al(2014) Role of fractalkine/CX3CL1 and its receptor in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and malignant diseases with emphasis on B cell malignancies. Mediators Inflamm doi: 10.1155/2014/480941.
  2. Johnson LA et al (2013) The chemokine CX3CL1 promotes trafficking of dendritic cells through inflamed lymphatics. J Cell Sci 126:5259-5270.
  3. Wada A et al (2015) Role of chemokine CX3CL1 in progression of multiple myeloma via CX3CR1 in bone microenvironments. Oncol Rep 33:2935-1939.
  4. Wojdasiewicz P et al.(w2014) The chemokine CX3CL1 (fractalkine) and its receptor CX3CR1: occurrence and potential role in osteoarthritis. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 62:395-403.
  5. Zhang X et al (2015) Chemokines CX3CL1 and its receptor CX3CR1 are associated with human atherosclerotic lesion volnerability. Thromb Res 135:1147-1153.

Outgoing links (1)

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha;

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Last updated on: 29.10.2020