Congenital adrenal hyperplasia1E25.9
Synonym(s)
Adrenogenital syndrome; AGS
DefinitionThis section has been translated automatically.
Group of autosomal-recessive inherited metabolic diseases characterized by an overproduction of androgenic steroid hormones in the adrenal cortex (NNR). The formation of aldosterone and cortisol is disturbed, as is the increased formation of androgens with resulting virilization in the female sex.
ClassificationThis section has been translated automatically.
AGS is divided into 5 types depending on the enzyme involved:
| Type | Enzyme concerned | Frequencies (birth) |
| Type 1 | 20,22-Desmolase | |
| Type 2 | 3-beta steroid dehydrogenase | |
| Type 3 | 21-hydroxylase | 1:5000 - 1:15.000 |
| Type 4 | 11-beta-hydroxylase | 1:100.000 |
| Type 5 | 17-alpha-hydroxylase | rarely |
Occurrence/EpidemiologyThis section has been translated automatically.
Panethnic in appearance.
EtiopathogenesisThis section has been translated automatically.
The most common 21-hydroxylase deficiency (conversion of progesterone to deoxycorticosterone or from 17-hydroxyprogesterone to 11-deoxycortisol). The reduced cortisol blood level leads to compensatory ACTH overproduction, associated adrenal cortex hyperplasia and an increase in hormone metabolites in front of the enzyme block (dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione). In the case of AGS with salt loss, both cortisol and aldosterone production is reduced.
ManifestationThis section has been translated automatically.
From birth.
Clinical featuresThis section has been translated automatically.
Overall very variable clinical expression depending on the residual activity of the enzyme pseudohermaphroditism femininus or macrogenitosomy in boys. There is accelerated body growth and bone maturation with developmental arrest of the gonads. Depending on the severity of the enzyme defect, a distinction is made between AGS with and without salt loss (see Table 1). In 17-beta-hydroxylase defect, symptoms of androgen excess with hypertension due to the accumulation of corticosteroids with mineralocorticoid activity dominate the picture. In the case of 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency, signs of androgen deficiency develop, see also pseudohermaphroditism masculinus.
DiagnosisThis section has been translated automatically.
Adrenal androgens and their metabolites in serum and urine (17-ketosteroids in 24-h urine), ACTH in serum, hyponatremia, hypokalemia
Differential diagnosisThis section has been translated automatically.
TherapyThis section has been translated automatically.
Therapy by endocrinologists, if necessary by permanent substitution with hydrocortisone (20 mg/m2KO/day p.o.), divided into 3 ED. During physical strain and stress (surgery, infections) double or triple the dose of glucocorticoids. In girls, early surgical intervention for reconstruction of the genitals may be necessary. In case of aldosterone deficiency, additional mineralocorticoids may be given.
TablesThis section has been translated automatically.
AGS without salt loss/ simple AGS
Girls |
Differently pronounced virilization of the external genitals. Normal development of ovaries, tubes, uterus, vagina. |
Boys |
Penile hypertrophy, pseudopubertas praecox. |
Both sexes |
Prepubertal large stature, in adulthood short stature due to premature closure of the epiphyseal joints. Possible signs of hypocortisolism (Addison's disease). |
AGS with loss of salt |
Additionally hyponatremia and hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis (arterial hypotension, vomiting, weight loss in infancy). |
LiteratureThis section has been translated automatically.
- Crouch NS et al (2004) Genital sensation after feminizing genitoplasty for congenital adrenal hyperplasia: a pilot study. BJU Int 93: 135-138
- Degitz K et al (2003) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia and acne in male patients. Br J Dermatol 148: 1263-1266
- MacLaughlin DT et al (2004) Sex determination and differentiation. N Engl J Med 350: 367-378
- Speiser PW et al (2003) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia. N Engl J Med 349: 776-788