Livedo syndromes (overview)R23.1

Heterogeneous group of vascular syndromes characterized by the morphological phenomenon"livedo" as a net-like, cold-driven visible vascular accentuation of the deep cutaneous vascular plexus.

Livedo reticularis: Due to physical noxae that lead to functional disturbances of the blood circulation:

• Cutis marmorata (after exposure to cold)
• Erythema e calore (after heat exposure)
• For central disorders of innervation (apoplexy, trauma)
• In case of maturation disorders of the subcutaneous fatty tissue:
  • Cutis marmorata teleangiectatica congenita.
• Other:
  • Coffin-Lowry Syndrome
  • Homocystinuria
  • Klippel-Trénaunay Syndrome
  • Lipomatosis, benign symmetry.

Livedo racemosa:

• Impediment of influence (arterial):
  • Arteriosclerosis:
    • Cholesterol Embolism
  • Calciphylaxis, cutaneous
  • Oxalosis
• arteritis:
  • polyarteritis nodosa
  • Lupus erythematosus, systemic
  • Antiphospholipid Syndrome
  • endangiitis obliterans
  • Livedovasculopathy
  • Embolia cutis medicamentosa (also in toxicomania)
  • Sneddon syndrome
  • Septic embolisms (see below sepsis, skin changes).
• obstruction of the outflow (venous):
  • Vasculitis, necrotizing
  • Livedovasculopathy (due to thrombosis of superficial veins)
• Increase in viscosity:
  • Cryoglobulinemia
  • Cryofibrinogenesis
  • Thrombocytosis
  • Polyglobulia
  • polycythemia vera
  • Myeloma, multiple
  • Hypercoagulatory states (protein C/S and antithrombin III deficiency)
  • Intravascular coagulation or agglutination (see below thrombocytopenia, heparin-induced; see below coumarin necrosis).
• Other:
  • Cornelia de Lange syndrome
  • Angiomatosis, diffuse cutaneous.