IDE is found in all tissues, especially in liver, brain and muscle (Ciaccio 2009) . There, it is predominantly localized in the cytosol (Leissring 2021).
IDE acts up to a maximum of 39 degrees and pH 7.5 (Lohmann 1956).
Studies in pregnant women have shown that insulinase is also produced in the placenta (Lehmann 2006).
Pharmacodynamics : IDE degrades insulin on the one hand by splitting into an A and B chain and on the other hand by proteolysis (Hoffmann La Roche 2003) 931
- Hyperinsulinemia: Prolonged inhibition of IDE leads to chronic hyperinsulinemia with secondary insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion (Najjar 2019).
- Insulin secretion: There is now evidence for type 2 diabetics of an association between low levels of IDE and lower insulin secretion. Also, studies found lower IDE- activity as well as lower insulin depletion in subcutaneous and especially visceral fat depots in pre-diabetics and type 2 di abetics compared to non-diabetics. In contrast, no change in IDE activity was found in well-controlled type 1 di abetics. The effects of obesity on IDE- levels and insulin secretion are controversial to date (Najjar 2019).
- Alzheimer's disease: Impaired clearance of amyloid beta is considered one of the main causes of Alzheimer's disease. IDE is considered a proteolytic inducer of various extracellular and intracellular beta-forming peptides (Kurochkin 2018)and is critically involved in the maintenance of amyloid- beta concentration in the brain (de Tullio 2008).