"Sodium" refers to the element sodium. In addition, this ingredient contains glycerol as an alcohol component in esters or condensed with other (poly)alcohols or sugars.
Oleates are salts or esters of oleic acid (cis-9-octadecenoic acid). Phosphates are salts or esters of phosphoric acid.
Sodium glyceryl oleate phosphate is a substance used in cosmetic preparations where it acts as an emulsifier (changes the interfacial tension of liquids like water and oil so that they can be mixed together) and surfactant (washing-active substance).