"Sodium" refers to the element sodium, "alkyl" describes a mixture of alkanols (alcohols derived from saturated hydrocarbons) The prefixed numbers "C x-y" indicate the range of carbon chain lengths (here C10-C14) of the alkanols. "Benzenesulfonates" are benzol ester compounds of sulfonic acids (R-SO2-OH).
Sodium C10-C14 alkyl Benzenesulfonates are substances which are used in cosmetic preparations where they act as emulsifiers (change the interfacial tension of liquids like water and oil so that they can be mixed together).