"Sodium" refers to the element sodium.
Sodium Acrylate/Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer is a synthetically produced substance which is used in cosmetic preparations. It acts as a binding agent (binds cosmetic preparations containing powders), emulsion stabilizer, film former, viscosity regulator (increases or decreases the viscosity of cosmetic products) and antistatic agent (reduces static charges by neutralizing the electrical charge on the surface of e.g. hair).