Cytostatics (overview)

Author: Prof. Dr. med. Peter Altmeyer

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Last updated on: 29.10.2020

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Synonym(s)

Non-selective cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents

Definition
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Substances from different classes of active ingredients, which have an antineoplastic effect. In the narrower sense, the term "cytostatic drugs" is used to describe conventional non-selective cytostatic drugs which use a broad spectrum of non-selective substances to inhibit the growth of proliferating cells, i.e. tumour cells, but also of healthy cells with a high proliferation rate (see side effects, see also antineoplastic tumour therapeutics).

Classification
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Classification of conventional (non-selective) cytostatic drugs:

Antimetabolites

Alkylating cytostatics (alkylantics)

Topoisomerase inhibitors

  • Topotecan (inhibitor of topoisomerase I)
  • Irinotecan (inhibitor of topoisomerase I)
  • Etoposide (inhibitor of topoisomerase II)
  • Teniposide Glycoside of podophyllotoxin (inhibitor of topoisomerase II)

Mitosis inhibitors

Cytostatically effective antibiotics

Other cytostatic drugs

Complication(s)
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Frequent cutaneous side effects caused by cytostatic drugs (var. n. Pfützner W 2018)

  • Bleomycin: flagellant dermatitis, neutrophil eccrine hidradenitis, alopecia, radiate recall dermatitis, Beau-Reils transverse furrows, melanonychia
  • Cisplatin: hand-foot syndrome, spotty (pressure-related) hyperpigmentation, leukonychia, Beau-Reilsche transverse furrows
  • Cyclophosphamide: hand-foot syndrome, stomatitis, spotty (pressure-related) hyperpigmentation, leukonyony, Beau-Reils transverse furrows, neutrophil eccrine hidradenitis, radiotestinal recall, hyperpigmentation, alopecia, hair discoloration (red-black), Beau-Reils transverse furrows, Mührke lines, leukony
  • Cytarabine: hand-foot syndrome, neutrophil eccrine hidradenitis; alopecia, radiographic recall, Beau-Reilsche transverse furrows, leukonychia
  • Dacarbazin: phototoxicity, alopecia, hyperpigmentation
  • Daunorubicin: alopecia, neutrophil eccrine hidradenitis; alopecia, radiate recall, Beau-Reile's transverse furrows, Meese's bands, melanonychia,
  • docetaxel, paclitaxel: exanthema, hand-foot syndrome, alopecia, neutrophil eccrine hidradenitis, pseudoscleroderma, radiotactic recall, Beau-Reils transverse furrows, onycholysis, hyperpigmentation, irritated actinic keratoses
  • Doxorubicin: exanthema, hand-foot syndrome, alopecia, neutrophil eccrine hidradenitis, pseudoscleroderma, radiotestinal recall, Beau-Reils transverse furrows, onycholysis, hyperpigmentation (face, buccal mucosa, tongue, throat, hands), phototoxicity, irritated actinic keratoses
  • Fluorouracil: hand-foot syndrome, alopecia, neutrophil eccrine hidradenitis, pseudoscleroderma, radiotestinal recall, Beau-Reils transverse furrows, onycholysis, scleronychia, hyperpigmentation (face, buccal mucosa, tongue, neck, hands), irritated actinic keratoses, phototoxicity
  • Gemcitabine: exanthema, stomatitis, alopecia, pseudoscleroderma, onycholysis, radiotestinal recall, scleronychia
  • Hydroxyurea: Lichenoides exanthema; hand-foot syndrome, ulcers, radiant recall, hyperpigmentation (face, buccal mucosa, tongue, neck, hands), phototoxicity, alopecia, onycholysis
  • Methotrexate: hand-foot syndrome, ulcers, alopecia, radiant recall, Beau-Reils transverse furrows, onycholysis, UV recall; hyperpigmentation (face, buccal mucosa, tongue, neck, hands), phototoxicity, hair discoloration (lightening)
  • Vinca alkaloids: hand-foot syndrome, stomatitis, radiant recall, alopecia, Beau-Reils transverse furrows, leukonychia

Note: except for acute toxic extravasations, immunological hypersensitivity reactions

Note(s)
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Literature
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  1. Puddle W (2018) Cutaneous drug reactions. In: G.Plewig et al. (Ed.) Braun-Falco`s Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Springer Reference Medicine p.617

Tables
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Upper group

Subgroup

Active ingredient (example)

Antimetabolites

Folic acid antagonists

Methrotrexate

Purine antagonists and analogues

Pentostatin

Pyrimidine antagonists and analogues

5-Fuorouracil

Ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors

Hydroxycarbamide

Prodrugs with a methylating effect on DNA

Dacarbazine

Temozolomide

Antibiotics

Anthracyclines

Daunorubin

Doxorubicin

Alkylantien

Oxaphosphorins

Melphalan

Cyclophosphamide

Thiotepa

Nitrosine urea

BCNU

CCNU

Fotemustin

Platinum complexes

Cisplatin

Mitosis inhibitors

Vinca alkaloids

Vincrist

Vinblastine

Vindesin

Hormones

Antiestrogens

Tamoxifen

Other substances

Miltefosine

Authors

Last updated on: 29.10.2020