Synonym(s)
Agammaglobulinemia; agammaglobulinemia and hypogammaglobulinemia; Agammaglobulinemia and hypogammaglobulinemia X-linked infantile; Agammaglobulinemia infantile sex-linked; Antibody deficiency syndrome type Bruton; Bruton's disease; Bruton\'s disease; infantile; sex-linked; X-linked
HistoryThis section has been translated automatically.
Bruton, 1952
DefinitionThis section has been translated automatically.
X-linked recessive hereditary disease with increased susceptibility to bacterial infection, absence of mature B-lymphocytes in blood and organs, absence of plasma cells in the bone marrow and lack of specific antibody formation due to disorders in the rearrangement of heavy chains in the formation of immunoglobulins.
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EtiopathogenesisThis section has been translated automatically.
X-linked recessive mutations of the BTK gene localized to gene locus X (Xq21.3-q22) leading to decreased expression of the enzyme Bruton tyrosine kinase(key enzyme in B cell development).
ManifestationThis section has been translated automatically.
Only boys. First manifestation usually between the 2nd month of life and the 5th year of age. Rarely the first manifestation occurs in the 2nd - 3rd decade (late-onset).
Clinical featuresThis section has been translated automatically.
Lack of antibody response to bacterial antigens, favours recurrent pyogenic infections (Haemophilus influenzae, Pneumococci, Streptococci, Staphylococci) from infancy onwards. Most often, children suffer from recurrent pyoderma, erythema nodosum, otitis media, bronchitis, meningitis, sepsis, cholesteatoma with acquired hearing loss, enteritis or arthritis.
LaboratoryThis section has been translated automatically.
- FACS analysis: CD19+ cells < 1%.
- Bone marrow biopsy: absence of plasma cells.
- Differential blood count: absence of B lymphocytes.
- Protein electrophoresis: Hypogammaglobulinemia.
- Serum proteins: IgG values below 100 mg%, IgA and IgM below 10 mg%.
Differential diagnosisThis section has been translated automatically.
X-linked SCID (IL2RG defect) also called agammaglobulinemia Swiss type.
TherapyThis section has been translated automatically.
Substitution of immunoglobulins (e.g. Intratect) 0.4 g/kg bw/day i.v. every 4 weeks If necessary bone marrow transplantation. Antibiotic therapy of infections.
LiteratureThis section has been translated automatically.
- Bruton OC (1952) Agammaglobulinemia. Pediatrics 9: 722-729
- Cellier C et al (2000) Regional enteritis associated with enterovirus in a patient with X-linked agammaglobulinemia. N Engl J Med 342: 1611-1612
- Conley ME, Howard V (2002) Clinical findings leading to the diagnosis of X-linked agammaglobulinemia. J Pediatr 141: 566-571
- Fancher KMet al.(2020) Drug interactions with Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors: clinical implications and management. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 86: 507-515.
- Howard V et al (2003) Stem cell transplants for patients with X-linked agammaglobulinemia. Clin Immunol 107: 98-102
- Jo EK et al (2003) Identification of mutations in the Bruton's tyrosine kinase gene, including a novel genomic rearrangements resulting in large deletion, in Korean X-linked agammaglobulinemia patients. J Hum Genet 48: 322-326
- Usui K et al (2001) Recurrent pneumonia with mild hypogammaglobulinemia diagnosed as X-linked agammaglobulinemia in adults. Respir Res 2: 188-192
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Incoming links (13)
Agammaglobulinemia and hypogammaglobulinemia, x-linked, infantile; Agammaglobulinemia infantile sex-linked; Antibody deficiency syndrome, bruton type; B-cell receptor; Bruton\'s disease; Bruton´s-Tyrosinkinase; BTK gene; BTK inhibitors and autoimmun diseases; Dermatitis-arthritis syndromes; Immunodeficiency syndrome variable; ... Show allOutgoing links (4)
BTK gene; Erythema nodosum; Immunoglobulins; Severe Combined Immunodeficiency, X-Linked;;Disclaimer
Please ask your physician for a reliable diagnosis. This website is only meant as a reference.
Prof. Dr. med. Peter Altmeyer